独立主格结构：
1、名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词
2、在句中作状语
3、分词的一种，也有分词的几种事时态
4、with/ without复合结构
All things _________, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A） considered B） be considered C） considering D） having considered
注：分词题型中 having +ed 都不要考虑
The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience .A） having known B） being known C） knowing D） known
注：having + v-ed做定语和状语都不会是答案
Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.
A） done B） be done C） having done D） to have been done
The speech _________, a lively discussion started.
A） being delivered B） was delivered C） be delivered D） having been delivered
注：1. 考的是过去式独立主格结构。
2. 按时间顺序，先讲座后讨论，所以选D.
As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.
A） having B） to have C） to have had D） having had
The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly.
A） being concerned B） concerned C） be concerned D） concerning
注：1. which he made定语从句本身不是划线的内容的话，可以将其去掉不考虑。
2. concerning 为介词，关于。相当于 about/ over（国外常用）； concerning/ as to（国内考试用）。
3. bother 打扰；brother 兄弟 fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友
